References on a Resume: Should You Include Them or Not?

Should You Include References?

In most cases, no. Modern resume best practices recommend leaving references off unless the employer specifically asks for them.

Why You Should Leave Them Off

• They take up valuable space better used for skills and achievements
• Hiring managers expect references to be available anyway
• You maintain privacy and control over when contacts are reached out to

What to Do Instead

Prepare a separate references document and only send it when requested. Include:

• Full name and job title
• Company and relationship to you
• Email address and phone number (with their consent)

Label the file clearly (e.g., firstname_lastname_references.pdf).

When to Include References on Your Resume

• The job ad asks for them
• You’re applying for government, research, or academic roles
• You’re submitting a CV in regions where it’s customary (e.g., parts of Europe)

Pro Tip: Prepare Your References in Advance

• Always ask permission first
• Let them know the jobs you're applying for
• Provide a copy of your resume to help them prepare
• Thank them after the process—whether or not they’re contacted

Final Thought

References are still important—but they don’t belong on your resume unless explicitly requested. Keep them ready and professional, and you’ll be covered when the time comes.

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